Review Labs: Circulatory and Respiratory Systems
The main function of the circulatory system is to pump blood carrying oxygen around the body. But how does that oxygen get into the blood in the first place? You may already know that this occurs in the lungs. So the blood must also be pumped to the lungs, and this happens separately from the rest of the body.
Pulmonary and Systemic Circulations
Pulmonary circulation is the part of the circulatory system that carries blood between the heart and lungs (the term "pulmonary" means “of the lungs”). It is illustrated in Figure to the right. Deoxygenated blood leaves the right ventricle through pulmonary arteries, which transport it to the lungs. In the lungs, the blood gives up carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen. The oxygenated blood then returns to the left atrium of the heart through pulmonary veins.
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Systemic circulation is the part of the circulatory system that carries blood between the heart and body. It is illustrated in Figure to the left. Oxygenated blood leaves the left ventricle through the aorta. The aorta and other arteries transport the blood throughout the body, where it gives up oxygen and picks up carbon dioxide. The deoxygenated blood then returns to the right atrium through veins.
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EKG and the cardiac cycle.
An electrocardiogram, also called an EKG or ECG, is a simple test that detects and records the electrical activity of the heart. It helps to detect and locate the source of heart problems. Electrical signals in the heart trigger heartbeats. These signals start at the top of the heart in an area called the right atrium. The electrical signals travel from the top of the heart to the bottom. They cause the heart muscle to contract as they travel through the heart. As the heart contracts, it pumps blood to the rest of the body.
Before starting the labs watch an interactive video on the cardiac cycle click on the button below.
EKG Lab Procedure
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Video: How to set up the EKG lab and what the graphs mean
Data Entry for EKG Factors that affect the heart
After finishing the lab please enter your data individually, please no team entries.
Sample EKG DATA for Rest and Exercise
EKG @ Rest
EKG After Exercise
Video: Analysis of the EKG data
EKG Phases
Exercise Heart Rate: Does heart rate change based on your activity
level?
Heart rate is a term used to describe the frequency of the cardiac cycle. Usually, heart rate is calculated as the number of contractions (beats) of the heart in one minute. Therefore, heart rate is usually expressed as beats per minute (bpm). When resting, the typical adult human heart beats at about 70 bpm in males and 75 bpm in females, although this rate varies among people. The pulse is one way of measuring heart rate.
The body increases heart rate in response to a wide variety of conditions in order to increase the cardiac output (the amount of blood ejected by the heart per unit time). Exercise causes a person’s heart rate to increase above the resting heart rate. As the physical activity becomes more vigorous, the heart rate continues to increase. With sufficiently vigorous exercise, the heart rate reaches its maximum rate.
The reference range for resting heart rate is between 60 bpm and 100 bpm. Less than 60 bpm is termed bradycardia. Greater than 100 bpm is termed tachycardia.
Estimated Maximum Heart Rate
You can apply a mathematical formula, based on your age, to estimate your maximum heart rate, as follows:
220 – age = estimated maximum heart rate.
Target heart rate range (also known as training heart rate range or exercise heart rate range) is the range of heart rates reached during aerobic exercise that enables one's heart and lungs to receive the most benefit from a workout. The most common method for calculating the target heart rate range is by multiplying the estimated maximum heart rate times the percent intensity that produces maximum cardiovascular benefits, generally considered to be a range of 50% to 85% intensity.
The following example assumes a maximum heart rate of 180:
¨ 50% intensity: 180 x 0.50 = 90 beats per minute
¨ 85% intensity: 180 x 0.85 = 153 beats per minute
The body increases heart rate in response to a wide variety of conditions in order to increase the cardiac output (the amount of blood ejected by the heart per unit time). Exercise causes a person’s heart rate to increase above the resting heart rate. As the physical activity becomes more vigorous, the heart rate continues to increase. With sufficiently vigorous exercise, the heart rate reaches its maximum rate.
The reference range for resting heart rate is between 60 bpm and 100 bpm. Less than 60 bpm is termed bradycardia. Greater than 100 bpm is termed tachycardia.
Estimated Maximum Heart Rate
You can apply a mathematical formula, based on your age, to estimate your maximum heart rate, as follows:
220 – age = estimated maximum heart rate.
Target heart rate range (also known as training heart rate range or exercise heart rate range) is the range of heart rates reached during aerobic exercise that enables one's heart and lungs to receive the most benefit from a workout. The most common method for calculating the target heart rate range is by multiplying the estimated maximum heart rate times the percent intensity that produces maximum cardiovascular benefits, generally considered to be a range of 50% to 85% intensity.
The following example assumes a maximum heart rate of 180:
¨ 50% intensity: 180 x 0.50 = 90 beats per minute
¨ 85% intensity: 180 x 0.85 = 153 beats per minute
Exercise and Heart Rate Lab Procedure
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Video: Exercise and Heart Rate Setup
Exercise and Heart Rate
After finishing the lab please enter your data individually, please no team entries.
Sample Heart Rate Data: Rest, Exercise and Recovery
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Summary: Unit Test for EKG and Exercise Heart Rate
Respiration: Where does oxygen get into blood?
RespirationThe job of the respiratory system is the exchange of gases between the body and the outside air. This process, called respiration, actually consists of two parts. In the first part, oxygen in the air is drawn into the body and carbon dioxide is released from the body through the respiratory tract. In the second part, the circulatory system delivers the oxygen to body cells and picks up carbon dioxide from the cells in return. The lungs are organs of the respiratory system. It is in the lungs where oxygen is transferred from the respiratory system to the circulatory system.
The use of the word "respiration" in relation to gas exchange is different from its use in the termcellular respiration. Recall that cellular respiration is the metabolic process by which cells obtain energy by “burning” glucose. Cellular respiration uses oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. Respiration by the respiratory system supplies the oxygen and takes away the carbon dioxide.
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Volume of Breath Lab Procedure: How much air moves in and out of your lungs when
you breathe?
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Data Entry for Volume of Breath Lab
After finishing the lab please enter your data individually, please no team entries.
Final Review: EKG and Heart Rate
Transpirations (Plant) Lab
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Data Entry for Transpiration Lab
After finishing the lab please enter your data individually, please no team entries.
Sample Data Sheet you may need to use for data collection before you upload to the computer
Lab Results: Class-wide Average
Notice that each have negative numbers that need to be taken into account as well. Class wide averages are posted on the bottom of the graphs.